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Phorid News Issue # 4
Welcome to the fourth edition of the Phorid Newsletter. Thanks to Lloyd Morrison and Matt Orr, we have our largest issue yet. The last year was a big one for phorid publicity. The biocontrol project involving phorids and fire ants was widely popularized, as was the amazing new phorid described in Nature magazine (see Weissflog et al., below). It is wonderful to see that phorids are assuming their proper place in the limelight of science. It is especially gratifying to see that the pioneering work on basic ant-phorid interactions by Don Feener is now bearing fruit. The United States Department of Agriculture dismissed phorids as biocontrol agents until Don and I did a small study in Costa Rica, demonstrating that phorids disrupt fire ant foraging behavior. This work was recently replicated in Brazil and has led to the exciting project described by Lloyd and Matt, below. There is now a Web site that has information on phorids! For those of you with internet access, check out the information at: http://www.lam.mus.ca.us/lacmnh/departments/research/entomology/phorids/phorspez.html
I have posted these Phorid Newsletters, including back issues, on the Web page. [Phorid flies (genus Pseudacteon) as biological control agents of
the imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta)
by Lloyd Morrison and Matt Orr
The imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, has spread
across large areas of the southeastern U.S. and dramatically
decreased biodiversity in affected communities since its
introduction from South America in the 1940's. It has displaced
the native fire ant, Solenopsis geminata, over much of its range,
even though the two species are very similar in morphology and
life history.
Surveys of S. invicta populations in North and South
America by Sanford Porter and colleagues have shown that S.
invicta reaches much higher population densities in North than in
South America. One hypothesis to explain this difference is that
when S. invicta was introduced into the U.S., it escaped its
natural enemies in South America. Among these natural enemies
are phorids in the genus Pseudacteon, which are parasitoids of
fire ants. The adult fly inserts an egg into the thorax of a
live worker ant. The egg hatches into a larva, which migrates to
the head of the ant. At pupariation, the phorid consumes all the
tissue inside the ant's head, killing the ant in the process. An
adult phorid emerges from the ant's mouth about five or six weeks
after the egg was laid. (Sanford Porter and colleagues have
described this life cycle in detail.)
Pseudacteon phorids were screened as potential biological
control agents for S. invicta by USDA biologists back in the
1970's, but were basically abandoned after USDA scientists found
very low infection rates in ants (< 5%), and were not able to
rear the flies successfully in the lab.
At the University of Texas at Austin's Brackenridge
Field Station, we have recently begun to give Pseudacteon phorids
a second look as biological control agents for imported fire
ants. Our ideas date back to Don Feener's dissertation work,
which showed that the presence of phorid flies could affect the
behavior of ants and influence the outcome of interspecific
competition. As imported fire ants marched across Central Texas
and Brackenridge Field Station, Zoology Professor and Station
Director Larry Gilbert began to ponder why the imported fire ants
could so successfully out compete other ant species, especially
native fire ants. Gilbert became convinced that phorid flies
could have major effects on ant populations, and succeeded in
time in acquiring the resources necessary to begin scientific
evaluation of South American phorid flies as biological control
agents of S. invicta in the U.S.
Our current research activities involve looking at a
number of different aspects of this issue. In Brazil, Matt Orr
and Sergio Seike have been studying interactions between
Pseudacteon phorids and S. invicta. So far, we have found that
the presence of phorids inhibits fire ant recruitment to food
resources and allows other ants in the community access to those
resources. This tilting of the competitive balance in the ant
community may have important indirect effects on S. invicta's
fitness. We have just been funded for three years by NSF to
continue examining the influence of phorids, resources, and other
ant species on the competitive success of S. invicta in Brazil.
One other aspect of our Brazilian research focuses on
differences among Pseudacteon species in their attack behavior,
host location behavior, and effect on fire ants. Approximately
fifteen Pseudacteon species attack S. invicta in South America.
We are finding large behavioral differences among species, which
may make it necessary to focus on particular species or even a
particular phorid community in order to achieve biological
control in North America.
In Texas, Gilbert, along with Lloyd Morrison, have been
involved with three primary lines of research. First, in
laboratory tests we have been evaluating various Pseudacteon
species from South America (which are known to be specific to
Solenopsis ants) to see which species will attack only S. invicta
and ignore other Solenopsis species. We have identified a number
of Pseudacteon species which attack S. invicta while ignoring its
congener, S. geminata. We have obtained USDA permission to
release these species and plan to do some releases this spring
and summer.
Second, we are studying the growth and development of
phorids and have been successful in rearing some through to the
adult stage in the lab, although mortality of the developing
phorids has been very high. Sanford Porter, our colleague at the
USDA Lab in Gainesville, FL, (formerly a post-doc at Brackenridge
Field Station) has also had limited success in rearing phorids in
the lab. (Porter has also studied host-specificity of
Pseudacteon phorids in Brazil.) Porter is currently in Brazil,
studying phorid growth and development and working on improving
rearing techniques.
Third, we are studying the interaction between native
and imported fire ants. There are native Pseudacteon species (P.
crawfordi and browni) which attack the native fire ant, S.
geminata, and ignore the imported fire ant, S. invicta. We have
found that the presence of these phorids can decrease the food
acquisition of S. geminata. When phorids are active, S. geminata
individuals curl up in a defensive posture and stop foraging.
(Feener and Brian Brown found this was also the case for P.
arcuatus and P. browni on S. geminata in Costa Rica.) This puts
the native fire ant at a competitive disadvantage, and allows the
imported fire ant to acquire more resources. Our current
research is aimed at elucidating just how much of an effect
phorids have on the different mechanisms of interspecific
competition between these two species.
We are currently planning the construction of a large
greenhouse at Brackenridge Field Station which will allow us to
conduct controlled experiments under semi-natural conditions and
to rear Pseudacteon phorids in large numbers for field releases.
In addition to the work in Texas and Brazil, we have a
colleague in Argentina, Patricia Folgarait, who is studying
Pseudacteon phorids there. The focus of her work has been the
effects of climatic variation on the activity of phorids.
Successful biological control may require the introduction of a
number of different Pseudacteon species, and since imported fire
ants inhabit a relatively large area in the U.S., we may need to
import species from different areas of South America which are at
similar latitudes and have similar climates as targeted North
American release sites.
In summary, phorid flies in the genus Pseudacteon appear
to be promising biological control agents of imported fire ants
in the U.S. Their main affect is not direct mortality of the
ants, but rather an indirect effect of behavior modification,
which allows competing ant species to acquire relatively more
resources. At present, the imported fire ant in the U.S. is not
attacked by Pseudacteon phorids, while the native fire ant is
host to at least two species. If we can successfully introduce
Pseudacteon species into the U.S. that are specific to S.
invicta, we may be able to remove S. invicta's competitive
advantage and restore a sense of parity to our native ant
communities.
Phorid literature for 1994 - update
Henry Disney suggested that the following non-taxonomic
papers from 1994 also had significant interest for phorid
enthusiasts. I will take his advice and cite all such papers in
future lists.
Kovac, D. (1994) Die Tierweld des Bambus: ein Modell fªr komplexe tropische Lebengemeinschaften. Natur und Museum, Frankfurt,
124, 119-136.
Majer, J.D., Recher, H.F., & Postle, A.C. (1994) Comparison of arthropod species richness in Eastern and Western Australian
canopies: contribution to the species number debate. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 36, 121-131.
Sandoval, C.P. (1994) Plasticity in web design in the spider Parawixia bistriata: a response to variable prey type.
Functional Ecology, 8, 701-707.
Stark, A. (1994) Zum Beutespektrum und Jagdverhalten von Fliegen der Gattung Platypalpus (Empidoidea, Hybotidae). Studia
dipterologica, 1, 49-74.
Traut, W. (1994) Sex determination in the fly Megaselia scalaris, a model system for primary steps of sex
chromasome evolution. Genetics, 136, 1097-1104.
Traut, W., Traut, G., Mertl, H.G., & Egelhaaf, A. (1994) New mutants and their chromasome assignment in the fly Megaselia
scalaris. Journal of Heredity, 85, 218-221.
Yakovlev, E.B. (1994) Palearctic Diptera associated with fungi and myxomycetes (in Russian), Karelian
Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences Forest Research Institute,
Petrozavodsk, 128 pp.
and here are some more I came across:
Asquith, A. and Kido, M. (1994) Native hawaiian insects attracted to the semiochemical methyl eugenol, used for male annihilation
of the oriental fruit-fly (Diptera, Tephritidae). Environmental Entomology, 23, 1397-1408.
Miller, M.L., Lord, W.D., Goff, M.L., Donnelly, B., McDonough, E.T. and Alexis, J.C. (1994) Isolation of amitriptyline and
nortriptyline from fly puparia (Phoridae) and beetle exuviae (Dermestidae) associated with mummified human remains. Journal
of Forensic Sciences, 39, 1305-1313.
Worthen, W.B., Mayrose, S. and Wilson, R.G. (1994) Complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors - effects on
mycophagous fly communities. Oikos, 69, 277-286.
Phorid literature for 1995
Below is a list of all the taxonomic papers and as many
other publications about (or prominently mentioning) phorids that
I have on record. Please send me any additions for future
versions of this list.
Brown, B.V. (1995a) Response to Disney. Journal of Natural History, 29, 259-264.
Brown, B.V. (1995b) Review of the species of Anevrina Lioy (Diptera: Phoridae), with a new species and a revised world
key. Entomological Problems, 25 (1994), 1-10.
Brown, B.V. (1995c). Ant-decapitating flies: nature's executioners. Terra. 32, 4 [available on the website].
Brown, B.V. (1995d). Review of "Scuttle Flies: the Phoridae." Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada. 27, 41-42.
Brown, B.V. (1995e) Comments on the proposed conservation of Sphaerocera Latreille, 1804 and Borophaga Enderlein, 1924
(Insecta, Diptera). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 52, 182-183.
Brown, B.V. & Feener, D.H., Jr. (1995) Efficiency of two mass sampling methods for sampling phorid flies
(Diptera: Phoridae) in a tropical biodiversity survey. Contributions in Science,
459, 1-10.
Cumming, J.M., Sinclair, B.J., & Wood, D.M. (1995) Homology and phylogenetic implications of male genitalia in Diptera -
Eremoneura. Entomologica scandinavica, 26, 120-151.
Cumming, M.S. (1995) Activity patterns of termite-eating land planarians Microplana termitophaga
(Platyhelminthes, Tricladida). Journal of Zoology, 237, 531-542.
Disney, R.H.L. (1995a) Cave Phoridae (Diptera) of Trinidad.
Giornale italiano di Entomologia, 6 (1993), 417-436.
Disney, R.H.L. (1995b) Comments on the proposed conservation of Sphaerocera Latreille, 1804 and Borophaga Enderlein, 1924
(Insecta, Diptera). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 52, 181-182.
Disney, R.H.L. (1995c) Comments on the proposed conservation of Sphaerocera Latreille, 1804 and Borophaga Enderlein, 1924
(Insecta, Diptera). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 52, 336-337.
Disney, R.H.L. (1995d) Convergent evolution between Echidnophora and Termitoxeniinae (Diptera: Phoridae). Systematic Entomology,
20, 195-206.
Disney, R.H.L. (1995e) Further new species of aquatic Phoridae (Diptera) from Malaysia and Brunei. Aquatic Insects, 17,
205-213.
Disney, R.H.L. (1995f) A new species of aquatic fly (Diptera: Phoridae) from Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak, Malaysia.
Malayan Nature Journal, 48, 271-279.
Disney, R.H.L. (1995g) New synonyms and a key to species of Plethysmochaeta Schmitz (Diptera, Phoridae). Bonner zoologische
Beitraege, 45, 259-263.
Disney, R.H.L. (1995h) Reply to Brown. Journal of Natural History, 29, 1081-1082.
Disney, R.H.L. (1995i) Two new species of Megaselia (Diptera: Phoridae) from Europe. British Journal of Entomology and
Natural History, 8, 113-119.
Disney, R.H.L. (1995j) The type species of Megaselia Rondani (Dipt., Phoridae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 131,
167-170.
Disney, R.H.L. & Bartareau, T. (1995) A new species of
Dohrniphora (Diptera: Phoridae) associated with a stingless bee (Hymenoptera:
Apidae) in Australia. Sociobiology, 26, 229-239.
Disney, R.H.L. & Kistner, D.H. (1995) Revision of the Afrotropical Termitoxeniinae (Diptera: Phoridae). Sociobiology,
26, 117-225.
Downie, J.R., Disney, R.H.L., Collins, L., & Hancock, E.G. (1995) A new species of Megaselia (Diptera, Phoridae) whose larvae
prey upon the eggs of Leptodactylus fuscus (Anura, Leptodactylidae). Journal of Natural History, 29, 993-1003.
Engel, M. & Prescher, S. (1995) Erstnachweis von Megaselia
mcleani Disney, 1987 (Diptera, Phoridae) fªr die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Studia dipterologica, 2, 153-155.
Feener, D.H., Jr. (1995) Headless hosts, legless guests. Nature, 378, 129.
Gotwald, W.H. (1995) Army ants: the biology of social predation, Comstock Publishing Associates/ Cornell University Press,
Ithaca and London, xviii + 302 pp.
Liu, G. & Zeng, Q. (1995a) A further new species of Trophithauma from China (Diptera: Phoridae). Zoological Research, 16,
349-351.
Liu, G. & Zeng, Q. (1995b) A new species of the new-record genus Borophaga Enderlein (Diptera: Phoridae) from China.
Entomotaxonomia, 17, 125-128.
Melzer, R.R., Panzinger, A., Reckel, F, Smola, U. (1995) Central nervous system of brachyceran larvae
(Insecta, Diptera). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 234, 113-123.
Michailovskaya, M.V. (1995a) New species of the genus Puliciphora Dahl (Diptera,
Phoridae) from the Russian Far East. Far Eastern Entomologist, 17, 1-4.
Michailovskaya, M.V. (1995b) A review of the eastern Palaearctic species of the genus Pseudacteon Coquillett
(Diptera, Phoridae). Far Eastern Entomologist, 18, 1-4.
Mohan, S., Mohan, S, and Disney, R.H.L. (1995) A new species of scuttle fly (Diptera, Phoridae) that is a pest of oyster
mushrooms (Agaricales, Pleurotaceae) in India. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 85,
515-518.
Mostovski, M.B. (1995). New taxa of ironomyiid flies (Diptera: Phoromorpha:
Ironomyiidae) from Cretaceous deposits of Siberia and Mongolia [in Russian]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 4,
86-103. [not a work on phorids, but of interest to those of us working on higher classification of Phoridae]
Orr, M., Selke, S.H., Benson, W.W., & Gilbert, L.E. (1995) Flies suppress fire ants. Nature, 373, 292-293.
Pesquero, M.A., Porter, S.D., Fowler, H.G., and Campiolo, S. (1995) Rearing of Pseudacteon spp (Dipt, Phoridae), parasitoids
of fire ants (Solenopsis spp) (Hym, Formicidae). Zeitschrift
fªr Angewandte Entomologie, 119, 677-678.
Porter, S.D., Fowler, H.G., Campiolo, S., & Pesquero, M.A. (1995a) Host specificity of several Pseudacteon
(Diptera: Phoridae) parasites of fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in South America. Florida Entomologist, 78, 70-75.
Porter, S.D., Pesquero, M.A., Campiolo, S., & Fowler, H.G. (1995b) Growth and development of Pseudacteon phorid fly
maggots (Diptera: Phoridae) in the heads of Solenopsis fire ant workers (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Environmental Entomology,
24, 475-479.
Porter, S.D., Vander Meer, R.K., Pesquero, M.A., Campiolo, S., & Fowler, H.G. (1995c) Solenopsis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) fire
ant reactions to attacks of Pseudacteon flies (Diptera: Phoridae) in southeastern Brazil. Annals of the Entomological
Society of America, 88, 570-575.
Roces, F. and H"lldobler, B. (1995) Vibrational communication between hitchhikers and foragers in leaf-cutting ants
(Atta cephalotes). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 37, 297-302.
Triltsch, H. (1995) Phalacrotophora fasciata (Fall–n) (Diptera: Phoridae) als Parasit der Puppen von Coccinella septempunctata
L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Studia dipterologica, 2, 93-96.
Weber, G. & Prescher, S. (1995) Die Mªcken und Fliegen eines kl³rschlammgedªngten
Ackers. Agrar"kologie, 15, 1-100.
Weissflog, A., Maschwitz, U., Disney, R.H.L., & Rosciszewski, K. (1995) A fly's ultimate con. Nature, 378, 137.
Wetterer, J.K. (1995) Forager size and ecology of Acromyrmex coronatus and other leaf-cutting ants in Costa Rica. Oecologia,
104, 409-415.
Phoridologists' Directory
The following is a list of the names, addresses and
interests of phorid workers on my mailing list. Any additions,
corrections or updates would be greatly appreciated. Those
wanting to discuss their projects and interests at even greater
length are welcome to do so.
Jeffery K. Barnes, Biological Survey, Rm.3132, Cultural Education Center, Albany, NY, 12230, U.S.A. Telephone (518) 486-2004.
Brian V. Brown, Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA,
90007, U.S.A. Telephone (213) 744-3363. FAX (213) 746-2999. E-mail brianb@mizar.usc.edu. Interests: Taxonomy, evolution, reconstructed phylogeny, biogeography and natural history of
world Phoridae. Currently I have a long-term project to revise the New World, ant-decapitating genus Apocephalus;
also I am beginning to prepare the phorid sections for the series Flies of the Nearctic Region. I am interested in
collecting methods for phorids, and in biodiversity surveys, especially those conducted in the tropics.
Matthias Buck, Dept. Ecology and Morphology of Animals,
University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, GERMANY. E-mail
meyer_eb@dulruu51.bitnet. Interests: Ecology and biology of Phoridae (PHD Thesis, to be finished by April
1995); community structure; ecology and biology of small saprophagous (especially necrophagous) Diptera breeding in small-sized and buried vertebrate and invertebrate carrion. Other interests are anatomy of the reproductive organs, larval morphology, phylogeny and hymenopterous parasitoids
of small, necrophagous Diptera. So far, I have only worked in the Palaearctic Region. Future
aspirations include a postdoctoral fellowship, or curatorship of Diptera at some
natural history museum.
R. Henry L. Disney, Dept. Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom.
Telephone 0223 336654. FAX 0223 336676. Interests: Biology, taxonomy, phylogenetic reconstruction of world Phoridae. Currently revising Termitoxeniinae, including Alamira and
Perissa.
Donald H. Feener, Jr., Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, U.S.A. Telephone (801) 581-6444.
FAX (801) 581-4668. E-mail feener@bioscience.utah.edu.
Interests: Ant-phorid interactions in general. Specific projects include: 1) chemical ecology of host location in
phorid parasitoids of ants; 2) phorid parasitoids as biological control agents of pest ants; 3) evolution
of host specificity of phorid parasitoids; 4) behavioral ecology of ant defenses against phorid parasitoids. I work
mostly in the New World temperate and tropical regions,
especially the southwestern U.S.A. and Central America (Costa Rica, Panama).
Tadao Goto, Central Forest Research Lab and Training Center, Royal Forest Department, Bangken, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
David H. Kistner, California State University, Chico, CA, 95929-0515, U.S.A. Telephone (916) 898-5116. FAX (916) 898-6804.
Interests: Mostly interested in Phoridae inhabiting the nests of social insects or preying on social insects. I am
interested in all biogeographic regions, but have minimal
taxonomic interests. I am currently working in collaboration with Henry Disney on Termitoxeniinae and a
study of Phoridae of the upper Sacramento River, based on cantara spill collections.
Victor A. Kolyada, Department of Entomology, Zoological Museum of
the Moscow State University, 6 Herzen Str. Moscow 103009, Russia. Interests: Taxonomy of the genus Megaselia and its fauna in the Palaearctic Region. Interested in exchanging
for determined specimens from other biogeographical regions.
Also interested in collecting methods.
Guangchun Liu, Dept. Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110161, P.R. China. Telephone
(024) 282-5074. Interests: Taxonomy of phorids; Chinese phorid fauna; phorids associated with mushrooms in China.
Marina Michailovskaya, Laboratory of Insects, Gornotaezhnaya Station, AN RAN, Ussurijsk District, Primorye Territory,
692533, Russia. Interests: Taxonomy of phorids; Far East phorid fauna, including Primorskiy kraiy, Chabarovskiy
kraiy, Sachalin, Kamchatka; phorids associated with dead animals.
Lloyd Morrison, Zoology Department, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, U.S.A. Telephone (512) 471-2825. FAX same as
telephone. E-mail lmorrison@mail.utexas.edu. Interests: Effects of phorid parasitoids (genus Pseudacteon) on ant foraging and interspecific competition (genus Solenopsis);
ant host species-specificity of Pseudacteon phorids; introduction of South American Pseudacteon species to the
U.S.(Texas) as biological control agents against the imported fire ant, S. invicta.
Mikhail B. Mostovski, Arthropod Laboratory, Palaeontological Institute, 123, Profsoyuznaya Str., Moscow, 117647, Russia.
Telephone (095) 467-2340. FAX (095) 339-0622. E-mail rasna@glas.apc.org. Interests: Phorid fauna of former USSR.
E. Hugh A. Oliver, 172 Upper Dinsdale Road, Hamilton, New Zealand. Telephone 84 79541. FAX 64 7 838 5085. Interests: New Zealand phorid taxonomy and natural history.
Matt Orr, Division of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, U.S.A. Telephone (512) 471-2825. FAX same as
telephone. E-mail morr@emx.cc.utexas.edu. Interests: Influences of phorids on ant foraging ecology, especially pest ants. Ant taxa of interest include Atta, Solenopsis,
and Linepithema.
Sanford D. Porter, USDA-ARS, MAVERL, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, P.O. Box 14565, Gainesville, FL, 32604, U.S.A. Telephone (904) 374-5914. FAX (904) 374-5818. E-mail
sdp@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu.
Interests: Ant-parasitizing phorids, especially Pseudacteon: oviposition behavior, growth and development of larvae and
pupae, host specificity, responses of ant hosts, biocontrol.
Sabine Prescher, Hinter der Masch 26, 38114 Braunschweig, Germany. Telephone 05 31 - 57 90 92. Interests: Palaearctic Phoridae, especially ecology of various species. Current
projects include determination of specimens and evaluation of the results of Phoridae collected in: 1) the nature
preserve area "Apfelstedter Ried" in Thuringia (Germany) with moist meadows; 2) moist meadows, dry meadows, wheat
fields and maize fields at the village Limpach near Zªrich, Switzerland; 3) caverns in Rhineland-Pfalz, Germany; and 4)
a gravel pit near the city of K"ln, Germany (now finished; a paper is expected at the end of the year).
Athayde Tonhasca, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Centro de CiÃncias e Tecnologias Agropecuarias, Avenida
Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.
Interests: Phorids attacking leaf-cutting ants.
Holger Triltsch, Federal Biological Research Center for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Integrated Plant
Protection, Stahnsdorfer Damm 81, D-14532, Kleinmachnow, Germany. Telephone 033 203/22423-5, /48 300. FAX 033
203/22278. Interests: Species of Phalacrotophora Enderlein as parasites of Coccinellidae, especially Coccinella
septempunctata L.; factors which determine the degree of parasitization; distribution in cereal fields and
farmland.
Sven-Olof Ulefors, Nordanv³g 18 A, 244 38 K³vlinge, Sweden. Interests: Canadian species of Megaselia; separation of M.pulicaria-group species.
Axel Froese and Bill Robinson have both informed me that
they no longer work on phorids.
Next issue!
In the next newsletter I will report on my upcoming phorid-
collecting expedition to Ecuador in May of 1996. Also, I will
list the cataloged phorid holdings of Los Angeles County Museum
(which are already available on the Web page). If anyone would like to contribute an article like that by
Lloyd and Matt, or any other information of phoridological
interest, please let me know.
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