Further Reading on Diptera of Central America

 

General Works

Brown, B.V. 2001. Diversity of flies, gnats and mosquitoes, pp. 815-826. In Levin, S.A. (editor) Encyclopedia of biodiversity , volume 2. Academic Press, New York, xxxi+826pp.

Ferrar, P. 1987. A guide to the breeding habits and immature stages of Diptera Cyclorrhapha. Entomograph 8. Brill/ Scandinavian Science Press. Leiden. 907pp.

Oldroyd, H. 1964. The natural history of flies. W.W. Norton & Co., Inc. New York. xiv + 342pp.

Papp, L. & B. Darvas (editors). 2000. Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera, Volume 1. Science Herald, Budapest.

Skevington, J. H. and P. T. Dang (editors). 2002. Exploring the diversity of flies. Biodiversity. 3: 3-27.

Smith, K. G. V. 1989. An introduction to the immature stages of British flies. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. 10: 1-280.

Stubbs, A. and P. Chandler. 1978. A dipterist's handbook. The Amateur Entomologist's Society. Hanworth, England. ix + 255pp.

 

Life Cycle

Arnqvist, G. & J.A. Andrés. 2006. The effects of experimentally induced polyandry on female reproduction in a monandrous mating system. Ethology. 112: 748-765.

Eberhard, W.G. 1985. Sexual selection and animal genitalia. Harvard University Press, Massachusetts and London, x+244pp.

Ferrar, P. 1987. A guide to the breeding habits and immature stages of Diptera Cyclorrhapha. Entomonograph 8. Brill/Scandinavian Science Press, Leiden, 907pp.

Hennig, W. 1948. Die Larvenformen der Dipteren. 1. Teil. Akademie-Verlag. Berlin. 185pp.

Hennig, W. 1950. Die Larvenformen der Dipteren. 2. Teil. Akademie-Verlag. Berlin. 458pp.

Hennig, W. 1952. Die Larvenformen der Dipteren. 3. Teil. Akademie-Verlag. Berlin. 628pp.

Hinton, H. E. 1969. Respiratory systems of insect egg shells. Annual Review of Entomology. 14: 343-368.

Meier, R., M. Kotrba, and P. Ferrar. 1999. Ovoviviparity and viviparity in the Diptera. Biological Review. 74: 199-258.

Sinclair, B. J. 1992. A phylogenetic interpretation of the Brachycera (Diptera) based on the larval mandible and associated mouthpart structures. Systematic Entomology. 17: 233-252.

Sivinski, J. 1997. Ornaments in the Diptera. Florida Entomologist. 80: 142-164.

Skidmore, P. 1985. The biology of the Muscidae of the World. Dr. W. Junk Publishers. Dordrecht/ Boston/ Lancaster. xiv + 550pp.

Smith, K.G.V. 1989. An introduction to the immature stages of British flies. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. 10: 1-280.

Stoffolano, J.G., N.E. Woodley, A. Borkent, & L.R.S. Yin. 1988. Ultrastructural studies of the abdominal plaques of some Diptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 81: 503-510.

Tesky, H.J. 1981. Morphology and terminology - larvae, pp. 65-88. MND, Volume 1.

 

Swarming & other Mating Behavior

Cumming, J. M. 1994. Sexual selection and the evolution of dance fly mating systems (Diptera: Empididae: Empidinae). Canadian Entomologist. 126: 907-920.

Downes, J. A. 1969. The swarming and mating flight of Diptera. Annual Review of Entomology. 14: 271-298.

Eberhard, W. G. 2002. Natural history and behavior of Chymomyza mycopelates and C. exophthalma (Diptera: Drosophilidae), and allometry of structures used as signals, weapons, and spore collectors. Canadian Entomologist. 134: 667-687.

McAlpine, J. F. and D. D. Munroe. 1968. Swarming of lonchaeid flies and other insects, with descriptions of four new species of Lonchaeidae (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist. 100: 1154-1178.

Sivinski, J. 1988. Unusual female-aggregated mating systems in phorid flies. Journal of Insect Behavior. 1: 123-128.

 

Pseudocopulation

Dodson, C.H. 2003. Why are there so many orchid species? Lankesterianna. 7: 99-103.

Dressler, R.L. 1981. The orchids: natural history and classification. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, xi+332pp.

Pijl, L. van der & C.H. Dodson. 1966. Orchid flowers: their pollination and evolution. The Fairchiild Tropical Garden and University of Miami Press, Coral Gables, Fla., x+214pp.

 

Sugar Feeding by Adults

Downes, W.L. & G.A. Dahlem. 1987. Keys to the evolution of Diptera: the role of Homoptera. Environmental Entomology. 16: 847-854.

 

Blood-Feeding Adults

Borkent, A. 1996. Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera) feeding on a leatherback turtle in Costa Rica. Brenesia. 43-44:25-30 [1995].

 

Diptera Associated with Dung

Beaver, RA. 1984. Insect exploitation of ephemeral habitats. South Pacific Journal of Natural Sciences. 6: 3-47.

Marchiori, C. H., A. T. de Oliveira, and A. X. Linhares. 2001. Arthropods associated with bovine dung pats in southern Goiás State, Brazil. Neotropical Entomology. 30: 19-24.

Mendes, J. and A. X. Linhares. 2002. Cattle dung breeding Diptera in pastures in southeastern Brazil: diversity, abundance and seasonality. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 97: 37-41.

Papp, L. 1985. Flies (Diptera) developing in sheep droppings in Hungary. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 31: 367-379.

Poorbaugh, J.H. & D.D. Linsdale. 1971. Flies emerging from dog feces in California. California Vector Views. 18: 51-56.

Psarev, A.M. 2002. Succession in an insect community inhabiting horse dung. Russian Entomological Journal. 11: 287-290.

Skidmore, P. 1985. The biology of the Muscidae of the World. Dr. W. Junk Publishers. Dordrecht, Boston, and Lancaster, xiv + 550pp.

Steyskal, G.C. 1957. The relative abundance of flies (Diptera) collected at human feces. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Zoologie. 44: 79-83.

Stoffolano, J.G., Jr., M.-F. Li, J.A. Sutton and C.-M. Yin. 1995. Faeces feeding by adult Phormia regina (Diptera: Calliphoridae): impact on reproduction. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 9: 388-392.

Valiela, I. 1974. Composition, food webs and population limitation in dung arthropod communities during invasion and succession. The American Midland Naturalist. 92: 370-385.

Walsh, G. C. and M. C. Posse. 2003. Abundance and seasonal distribution of predatory coprophilous Argentine rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), and their effects on dung breeding flies. Coleopterists Bulletin. 57: 43-50.

Yamagishi, K., T. Okadome, & M. Ino. 2003. Biological notes on the flies emerging from the feces of great cormorant in Japan (Diptera). Medical Entomology and Zoology. 54: 253-256.

 

Diptera Associated with Carrion

Buck, M. 1997. Untersuchungen zur ökologischen Einnischung saprophager Dipteren unter besonderer. Berücksichtigung der Phoridae und Sphaeroceridae (Brachycera/ Cyclorrhapha). PHD Thesis, University of Ulm, Germany., v+194+1v pp.

Byrd, J.H. & J.L. Castner (editors). 2001. Forensic entomology: the utility of arthropods in legal investigations. CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington, 418 pp.

Carvalho, L. M. L., P. J. Thyssen, A. X. Linhares, and F. A. B. Palhares. 2000. A checklist of arthropods associated with pig carrion and human corpses in southeastern Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 95: 135-138.

Houston, D. C. 1987. The effect of ant predation on carrion insect communities in a Brazilian forest. Biotropica. 19: 376.

Kneidel, K. A. 1983. Fugitive species and priority during colonization in carrion-breeding Diptera. Ecological Entomology. 8: 163-169.

Kneidel, K.A. 1984a. Competition and disturbance in communities of carrion-breeding Diptera. Journal of Animal Ecology. 53: 849-865.

Kneidel, K.A. 1984b. Influence of carcass taxon and size on species composition of carrion-breeding Diptera. American Midland Naturalist. 111: 57-63.

Kneidel, K.A. 1985. Patchiness, aggregation, and the coexistence of competitors for ephemeral resources. Ecological Entomology. 10: 441-448.

Kuusela, S. and I. Hanski. 1982. The structure of carrion fly communities: the size and type of carrion. Holarctic Ecology. 5: 337-348.

McKinnerney, M. 1978. Carrion communities in the northern Chihuahuan desert. Southwestern Naturalist. 23: 563-576.

Moura, M. O., C. J. B. Carvalho, and E. L. A. Monteiro-Filho. 1998. Carrion attendant arthropods in southern Brazil. Ciencia e Cultura (Sâo Paulo). 50: 377-381.

Payne, J. A., J. A. King, and G. Beinhart. 1968. Arthropod succession and decomposition of buried pigs. Nature. 219: 1180-1181.

Smith, K.G.V. 1986. An introduction to the immature stages of British flies. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. 10: 1-280.

 

Caves

Andrade-Filho, J.D., M.L. Nascimento-Lima, A. Lima-Falcão, and R. Pecanha-Brazil. 1998. Sazonalidade dos flebotomineos (Diptera, Psychodidae) dos arredores da Gruta da Lapina, município de Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Revista brasileira de Entomologica. 42: 93-95.

Coher, E. I. 1996. Cave-associated tropical American Neoditomyia (Diptera, Mycetophilidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist. 72: 152-159.

Disney, R. H. L. 1995. Cave Phoridae (Diptera) of Trinidad. Giornale italiano di Entomologia. 6 (1993): 417-436.

Ferreira, R. L. and L. C. S. Horta. 2001. Natural and human impacts on invertebrate communities in Brazilian caves. Revista Brasileira de Biologia. 61: 7-17.

Howard, P. C. 1981. An ecological study of the Jumandi Cave. The terrestrial fauna, pp. 28-55. In Brown, P. (editor). Southampton University Expedition to Ecuador 1979. Report. University of Southampton. Southampton, 212 pp.

Jefferson, G. T. 1981. Diptera in British caves. Proceedings of the International Congress of Speleology. 8: 106-107.

Palacios-Vargas, J. G. and J. B. Morales-Malacara. 1983. Biocenosis de algunas cuevas de Morelos. Mémoires de Biospeologie. 10: 163-169.

Quate, L. W. and B. V. Brown. 2004. Revision of Neotropical Setomimini (Diptera: Psychodidae: Psychodinae). Contributions in Science, No. 500. 117 pp. PDF

Reddell, J. R. 1981. A review of the cavernicole fauna of Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize. Bulletin of the Texas Memorial Museum. 27: 1-327.

Reeves, W. K. and J. W. McCreadie. 2001. Population ecology of cavernicoles associated with carrion in caves of Georgia, USA. Journal of Entomological Science. 36: 305-311.

Tosi, D., M. Martins, C. R. Vilela, and M. A. Q. R. Pereira. 1990. On a new cave-dwelling species of bat-guano-breeding Drosophila closely related to D. repleta Wollaston (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Brazilian Journal of Genetics. 13: 19-31.

 

Diptera Associated with Invertebrate Carrion

Beaver, R.A. 1986. Biological studies of muscoid flies (Diptera) bredding in mollusc carrion in southeast Asia. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology. 37: 205-211.

Beaver, R.A. 1987. Biological studies of non-muscoid flies (Diptera) bred from mollusc carrion in southeast Asia. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology. 38: 187-195.

Brown, B. V. 1997. Systematics and fossil evidence of host-parasitoid relationships of Calamiscus Borgmeier (Diptera: Phoridae). Journal of Natural History. 31: 1253-1259.

Brown, B.V. 2000a. Revision of the "Apocephalus miricauda-group" of ant-parasitizing flies (Diptera: Phoridae). Contributions in Science. 482: 1-62. PDF

Brown, B. V. and D. H. Feener Jr. 1991. Behavior and host location cues of Apocephalus paraponerae (Diptera: Phoridae), a parasitoid of the giant tropical ant Paraponera clavata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Biotropica. 23: 182-187.

Buck, M. 1997. Untersuchungen zur ökologischen Einnischung saprophager Dipteren unter besonderer. Berücksichtigung der Phoridae und Sphaeroceridae (Brachycera/ Cyclorrhapha). PHD Thesis, University of Ulm, Germany, v+194+1v pp.

Joswig, W. 1985. Untersuchungen zur Konkurrenz und Koexistenz necrophager Dipteren in toten Gehäuseschnecken. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Bayreuth, Germany.

 

Saprophagous Larvae

Adis, J., J.W. de Morais, & E.F. Ribeiro. 1987. Vertical distribution and abundance of arthropods in the soil of a Neotropical secondary forest during the dry season. Tropical Ecology. 28: 174-181.

Adis,J., J.W. de Morais, E.F. Ribeiro, & J.C. Ribeiro. 1989a. Vertical distribution and abundance of arthropods from white sand soil of a Neotropical campinarana forest during the rainy season. Studies of the Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 4: 193-200.

Adis, J. E.F. Ribeiro, J.W. de Morais, & E.T.S. Cavalcante. 1989b. Vertical distribution and abundance of arthropods from white sand soil of a Neotropical campinarana forest during the dry season. Studies of the Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 4: 201-211.

Dorn, K. & V. Janke. 1985. Die Nematoceren-Familien (Diptera, Nematocera) der eines Buchenwaldes und Fichtenforstes im Burgholz (Solingen) 1978-1982. Jahresberichte des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins Wuppertal. 38: 72-74.

Grove, S.J. & N.E. Stork. 1999. The conservation of saproxylic insects in tropical forests: a research agenda. Journal of Insect Conservation. 3: 67-74.

Hövemeyer, K. 2000. Chapter 1.11. Ecology of Diptera, pp. 437-489. In Papp, L. & B. Darvas (editors). Contributions to a manual of Palaearctic Diptera. Volume 1. General and applied dipterology. Science Herald, Budapest, 978pp.

Person, T. & U. Lohn. 1977. Energetical significance of soil- and litter-inhabiting animals and arthropods in a Swedish grassland ecosystem. Ecological Bulletins. 23: 1-211.

Speight, M.C.D. 1989. Saproxylic invertebrates and their conservation. Nature and Environment Series, No. 42. Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 79pp.

Theide, U. 1977. Untersuchungen über die Arthropodenfauna in Fichtenforsten (Populationsökologie, Energieumsatz). Zoologischer Jahrbücher Abteilung für Systematik. 104: 137-202.

 

Aquatic Larvae

Kitching, R.L. 2000. Food webs and container habitats. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, xiii+459pp.

Ooi, T. 1992. Morphological responses of Daphnia ambigua to different concentrations of a chemical extract from Chaoborus flavicans. Freshwater Biology. 27: 379-385.

 

Carnivorous Larave: Predators, Parasitoids, and Parasites

Brown, B.V. 2000b. Five natural history notes on Neotropical phorid flies. Phorid Newsletter. 8: 1-2 PDF

Eggleton, P. and R. Belshaw. 1992. Insect parasitoids: an evolutionary overview. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B. 337: 1-20.

Eggleon, P. and R. Belshaw. 1993. Comparisons of dipteran, hymenopteran and coleopteran parasitoids: provisional phylogenetic explanations. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 48: 213-226.

Feener, D. H. Jr. and B. V. Brown. 1997. Diptera as parasitoids. Annual Review of Entomology. 42: 73-97.

Godfray, H. C. J. 1994. Parasitoids: behavioral and evolutionary ecology. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey. ix + 473pp.

Grimaldi, D. & T. Nguyen. 1999. Monograph on the spittlebug flies, genus Cladochaeta (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Cladochaetini). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 241: 1-326.

Villa, J. and D. S. Townsend. 1983. Viable frog eggs eaten by phorid fly larvae. Journal of Herpetology. 17: 278-281.

Villa, J., R. W. McDiarmid, and J. M. Gallardo. 1982. Arthropod predators of leptodactylid frog foam nests. Brenesia 19-20: 577-599.

 

Kleptoparasitism & Phoresy

Sivinski, J., S. Marshall, and E. Petersson. 1999. Kleptoparasitism and phoresy in the Diptera. Florida Entomologist. 82: 179-197.

 

Non-parasitic Associations with other Arthropods, especially Social Insects

Brown, B. V. and D. H. Feener Jr. 1998. Parasitic phorid flies (Diptera: Phoridae) associated with army ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ecitoninae, Dorylinae) and their conservation biology. Biotropica. 30: 482-487.

Disney, R. H. L. and D. H. Kistner. 1989. Neotropical Phoridae from termite colonies, including two new species (Diptera; Isoptera: Termitidae). Sociobiology. 15: 79-84.

Kistner, D. H. 1982. The social insect's bestiary, pp. 1-244. In Hermann, H. R. (editor), Social insects. Volume III. Academic Press. New York & London, xiii+459pp.

Pape, T. 1996. Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs of Entomology International. 8: 1-558.

Rettenmeyer, C. W. and R. D. Akre. 1968. Ectosymbiosis between phorid flies and army ants. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 61: 1317-1326.

Salt, G. 1929. A contribution to the ethology of the Meliponinae. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London. 77: 431-470.

Willis, E.O. & Y. Oniki. 1978. Birds and army ants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 9: 243-263.

 

Flower Visiting

Blanco, M.A. & G. Barboza. 2005. Pseudocopulatory pollination in Lepanthes (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae) by fungus gnats. Annals of Botany. 95: 763-772.

Borba, E.L. & J. Semir. 2001. Pollinator specificity and convergence in fly-pollinated Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) species: a multiple population approach. Annals of Botany. 88: 75-88.

Devoto, M., N.H. Montaldo, & D. Medan. 2006. Mixed hummingbird: long-proboscid-fly pollination in 'ornithophilous' Embothrium coccineum (Proteaceae) along a rainfall gradient in Patagonia, Argentina. Austral Ecology. 31: 512-519.

Disney, R. H. L. and S. Sakai. 2001. Scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) whose larvae develop in flowers of Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) in Panama. European Journal of Entomology. 98: 367-373.

Gilbert, F. & M. Jervis. 1998. Functional, evolutionary and ecological aspects of feeding-related mouthpart specializations in parasitoid flies. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 63: 495-535.

Hall, D. W. and B. V. Brown. 1993. Pollination of Aristolochia littoralis (Aristolochiales: Aristolochiaceae) by males of Megaselia spp. (Diptera: Phoridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 86: 609-613.

Hime, N. da C. and E. de L. Costa. 1985. On Megaselia aristolochiae n. sp. (Diptera, Phoridae) with larvae rearing on the flowers of Aristolochia labiata Willd. (Aristolochiaceae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia. 45: 621-625.

Koopowitz, H. 2001. Orchids and their conservation. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, 176pp.

Larson, B. M. H., P. G. Kevan, and D. W. Inouye. 2001. Flies and flowers: taxonomic diversity of anthophiles and pollinators. Canadian Entomologist. 133: 439-465.

Soderstrom, T. R. and C. E. Calderón. 1971. Insect pollination in tropical rain forest grasses. Biotropica. 3: 1-16.

Wolda, H. and C. W. Sabrosky. 1986. Insect visitors to two forms of Aristolochia pilosa in Las Cumbres, Panama. Biotropica. 18: 295-299.

Young, A. M. 1984. Mechanism of pollination by Phoridae (Diptera) in some Herrania species (Sterculiaceae) in Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 86: 503-518.

Young, A. M., B. J. Erickson & E. H. Erickson Jr. 1989. Pollination biology of Theobroma and Herrania (Sterculiaceae). III. Steam-distilled floral oils of Theobroma species as attractants to flying insects in a Costa Rican cocoa plantation. Insect Science and its Application. 10: 93-98.

 

Mimicry

Disney, R.H.L. 1996. A new genus of scuttle fly (Pitera: Phoridae) whose legless, wingless, females mimic ant larvae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology. 27: 95-118.

Gilbert, F. 2005. The evolution of imperfect mimicry in hoverflies, pp. 231-288. In Fellowes, M., G. Holloway, & J. Rolff (editors). Insect Evolutionary Biology. CABI, Wallingford, 448pp.

Golding, Y.C., E.A. Roland, & M. Edmunds. 2001. Similarity in flight behaviour between the honeybee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and its presumed mimic, the dronefly Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae). Journal of Experimental Biology. 204: 139-145.

 

Activity Patterns (seasonal and daily)

Brown, B. V. and D. H. Feener Jr. 1995. Efficiency of two mass sampling methods for sampling phorid flies (Diptera: Phoridae) in a tropical biodiversity survey. Contributions in Science. 459: 1-10. PDF

Coffman, W.P. & C.L. Rosa. 1998. Taxonomic composition and temporal organization of tropical and temperate species assemblages of lotic Chironomidae. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 71: 388-406.

Feener, D. H. Jr. and K. A. G. Moss. 1990. Defense against parasitoids by hitchhikers in leaf-cutting ants: a quantitative assessment. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 26: 17-29.

Joiner, W.J., A. Crocker, B.H. White, & A. Sehgal. 2006. Sleep in Drosophila is regulated by adult mushroom bodies. Nature. 441: 757-760.

Ortiz, P.G. 2002. Historía natural, sitios de apareamiento, comportamiento sexual y possible función de la alimentación nupcial en Ptilosphen viriolatus (Diptera: Micropezidae). M.Sc. thesis, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José.

 

Elevation

Janzen, D. H. 1973. Sweep samples of tropical foliage insects: effects of seasons, vegetation types, elevation, time of day, and insularity. Ecology. 54: 687-708.

Janzen, D. H., M. Ataroff, M. Fariñas, S. Reyes, N. Rincon, A. Soler, P. Soriano, and M. Vera. 1975. Changes in the arthropod community along an elevational transect in the Venezuelan Andes. Biotropica. 8: 193-203.

 

Disturbance

Afrane, Y.A., G. Zhou, B.W. Lawson, A.K. Githeko, & G. Yan. 2006. Effects of microclimatic changes caused by deforestation on the survivorship and reproductive fitness of Anopheles gambiae in Western Kenya highlands. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 74: 772-778.

Anderson, B.S., B.M. Phillips, J.W. Hunt, V. Connor, N. Richard, & R.S. Tjeerdema. 2006. Identifying primary stressors impacting macroinvertebrates in the Salinas River (California, USA): relative effects of pesticides and suspended particles. Environmental Pollution. 141: 402-408.

Brown, B.V. 2005. Malaise trap catches and the crisis in Neotropical dipterology. American Entomologist. 51: 180-183. PDF

Helson, J.E., D.D. Williams, & D. Turner. 2006. Larval chironomid community organization in four tropcal rivers: human impacts and longitudinal zonation. Hydrobiologia. 559: 413-431.

Jensen, P.D., L.R. Johnson, & J.T. Trumble. 2006. Individual and joint actions of selenate and methylmercury on the development and survival of insect detritivore Megaselia scalaris (Diptera: Phordiae). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 50: 523-530.

MacDonald, E.E. & B.R. Taylor. 2006. Incidence of mentum deformities in midge larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from northen Nova Scotia, Canada. Hydrobiologia. 563: 277-287.

Maenpaa, K. & J.V.K. Kukkonen. 2006. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and 4-(2-dodecyl)-benzene sulfonate (LAS) in Lumbriculus variegatus (Oligochaeta) and Chironomus riparius (Insecta). Aquatic Toxicology. 77: 329-338.

 

Conservation

Grove, S. J. and N. E. Stork. 1999. The conservation of saproxylic insects in tropical forests: a research agenda. Journal of Insect Conservation. 3: 67-74.

Marino, P.C., D.A. Landis, & B.A. Hawkins. 2006. Conserving parasitoid assemblages of North American pest Lepidoptera: does biological control by native parasitoids depend on landscape complexity? Biological Control. 37: 173-185.

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