General Works

Ferrar, P. 1987. A guide to the breeding habits and immature stages of Diptera Cyclorrhapha. Entomograph. 8. Brill/ Scandinavian Science Press. Leiden. 907pp.

Oldroyd, H. 1964. The natural history of flies. W.W. Norton & Co., Inc. New York. xiv + 342pp.

Papp, L. & B. Darvas (editors). 2000. Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera, Volume 1. Science Herald, Budapest.

Skevington, J. H. and P. T. Dang (editors). 2002. Exploring the diversity of flies. Biodiversity. 3: 3-27.

Smith, K. G. V. 1989. An introduction to the immature stages of British flies. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. 10: 1-280.

Stubbs, A. and P. Chandler. 1978. A dipterist's handbook. The Amateur Entomologist's Society. Hanworth, England. ix + 255pp.

Life Cycle

Hennig, W. 1948. Die Larvenformen der Dipteren. Akademie-Verlag. Berlin. 185pp.

---. 1952. Die Larvenformen der Dipteren. Akademie-Verlag. Berlin. 628pp.

Hinton, H. E. 1969. Respiratory systems of insect egg shells. Annual Review of Entomology. 14: 343-368.

Meier, R., M. Kotrba, and P. Ferrar. 1999. Ovoviviparity and viviparity in the Diptera. Biological Review. 74: 199-258.

Sinclair, B. J. 1992. A phylogenetic interpretation of the Brachycera (Diptera) based on the larval mandible and associated mouthpart structures. Systematic Entomology. 17: 233-252.

Skidmore, P. 1985. The biology of the Muscidae of the World. Dr. W. Junk Publishers. Dordrecht/ Boston/ Lancaster. xiv + 550pp.

Saprophagous Diptera

information coming soon

Diptera Associated with Dung

Beaver, RA. 1984. Insect exploitation of ephemeral habitats. South Pacific Journal of Natural Sciences. 6: 3-47.

Marchiori, C. H., A. T. de Oliveira, and A. X. Linhares. Arthropods associated with bovine dung pats in southern Goias State, Brazil. Neotropical Entomology. 30: 19-24.

Mendes, J. and A. X. Linhares. 2002. Cattle dung breeding Diptera in pastures in southeastern Brazil: diversity, abundance and seasonality. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 97: 37-41.

Skidmore, P. 1985. The biology of the Muscidae of the World. Dr. W. Junk Publishers. Dordrecht/ Boston/ Lancaster. xiv + 550pp.

Stoffolano, J.G., Jr., M.-F. Li, J.A. Sutton and C.-M. Yin. 1995. Faeces feeding by adult Phormia regina (Diptera: Calliphoridae): impact on reproduction. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 9: 388-392.

Valiela, I. 1974. Composition, food webs and population limitation in dung arthropod communities during invasion and succession. The American Midland Naturalist. 92: 370-385.

Walsh, G. C. and M. C. Posse. 2003. Abundance and seasonal distribution of predatory coprophilous Argentine rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), and their effects on dung breeding flies. Coleopterists Bulletin. 57: 43-50.

Diptera Associated with Carrion

Buck, M. 1997. Untersuchungen zur ökologischen Einnischung saprophager Dipteren unter besonderer. Berücksichtigung der Phoridae und Sphaeroceridae (Brachycera/ Cyclorrhapha). PHD Thesis, University of Ulm, Germany.

Carvalho, L. M. L., P. J. Thyssen, A. X. Linhares, and F. A. B. Palhares. 2000. A checklist of arthropods associated with pig carrion and human corpses in southeastern Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 95: 135-138.

Houston, D. C. 1987. The effect of ant predation on carrion insect communities in a Brazilian forest. Biotropica. 19: 376.

Kneidel, K. A. 1983. Fugitive species and priority during colonization in carrion-breeding Diptera. Ecological Entomology. 8: 163-169.

---. 1984a. Competition and disturbance in communities of carrion-breeding Diptera. Journal of Animal Ecology. 53: 849-865.

---. 1984b. Influence of carcass taxon and size on species composition of carrion-breeding Diptera. American Midland Naturalist. 111: 57-63.

---. 1985. Patchiness, aggregation, and the coexistence of competitors for ephemeral resources. Ecological Entomology. 10: 441-448.

Kuusela, S. and I. Hanski. 1982. The structure of carrion fly communities: the size and type of carrion. Holarctic Ecology. 5: 337-348.

McKinnerney, M. 1978. Carrion communities in the northern Chihuahuan desert. Southwestern Naturalist. 23: 563-576.

Moura, M. O., C. J. B. Carvalho, and E. L. A. Monteiro-Filho. 1998. Carrion attendant arthropods in southern Brazil. Ciencia e Cultura (Sâo Paulo). 50: 377-381.

Payne, J. A., J. A. King, and G. Beinhart. 1968. Arthropod succession and decomposition of buried pigs. Nature. 219: 1180-1181.

Caves

Andrade-Filho, J. D., M. L. Nascimento-Lima, A. Lima-Falcao, and R. Pecanha-

Brazil. 1998. Sazonalidade dos flebotomineos (Diptera, Psychodidae) dos arredores da Gruta da Lapina, municipio de Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Revista brasileira de Entomologica. 42: 93-95.

Coher, E. I. 1996. Cave-associated tropical American Neoditomyia (Diptera, Mycetophilidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist. 72: 152-159.

Disney, R. H. L. 1995. Cave Phoridae (Diptera) of Trinidad. Giornale italiano di Entomologia. 6 (1993): 417-436.

Ferreira, R. L. and L. C. S. Horta. 2001. Natural and human impacts on invertebrate communities in Brazilian caves. Revista Brasileira de Biologia. 61: 7-17.

Howard, P. C. 1981. An ecological study of the Jumandi Cave. The terrestrial fauna, pp. 28-55. In Brown, P., Southampton University Expedition to Ecuador 1979. Report. University of Southampton. Southampton.

Jefferson, G. T. 1981. Diptera in British caves. Proceedings of the International Congress of Speleology. 8: 106-107.

Palacios-Vargas, J. G. and J. B. Morales-Malacara. 1983. Biocenosis de algunas cuevas de Morelos. Memoires de Biospeologie. 10: 163-169.

Quate, L. W. and B. V. Brown. 2004. Revision of Neotropical Setomimini (Diptera: Psychodidae: Psychodinae). Contributions in Science, No. 500. 117 pp.

Reddell, J. R. 1981. A review of the cavernicole fauna of Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize. Bulletin of the Texas Memorial Museum. 27: 1-327.

Reeves, W. K. and J. W. McCreadie. 2001. Population ecology of cavernicoles associated with carrion in caves of Georgia, USA. Journal of Entomological Science. 36: 305-311.

Tosi, D., M. Martins, C. R. Vilela, and M. A. Q. R. Pereira. 1990. On a new cave-dwelling species of bat-guano-breeding Drosophila closely related to D. repleta Wollaston (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Brazilian Journal of Genetics. 13: 19-31.

Diptera Associated with Invertebrate Carrion

Brown, B. V. 1997. Systematics and fossil evidence of host-parasitoid relationships of Calamiscus Borgmeier (Diptera: Phoridae). Journal of Natural History. 31: 1253-1259.

---. 2000. Revision of the "Apocephalus miricauda-group" of ant-parasitizing flies (Diptera: Phoridae). Contributions in Science. 482: 1-62.

Brown, B. V. and D. H. Feener Jr. 1991. Behavior and host location cues of Apocephalus paraponerae (Diptera: Phoridae), a parasitoid of the giant tropical ant Paraponera clavata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Biotropica. 23: 182-187.

Buck, M. 1997. Untersuchungen zur ökologischen Einnischung saprophager Dipteren unter besonderer. Berücksichtigung der Phoridae und Sphaeroceridae (Brachycera/ Cyclorrhapha) PHD Thesis, University of Ulm, Germany.

Joswig, W. 1985. Untersuchungen zur Konkurrenz und Koexistenz necrophager Dipteren in toten Gehäuseschnecken. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Bayreuth, Germany.

Aquatic Diptera

information coming soon

Herbivorous Diptera

information coming soon

Fungivorous Diptera

information coming soon

Predatory, Parasitoid and Parasitic Diptera

Eggleton, P. and R. Belshaw. 1992. Insect parasitoids: an evolutionary overview. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B. 337: 1-20.

---. 1993. Comparisons of dipteran, hymenopteran and coleopteran parasitoids: provisional phylogenetic explanations. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 48: 213-226.

Feener, D. H. Jr. and B. V. Brown. 1997. Diptera as parasitoids. Annual Review of Entomology. 42: 73-97.

Godfray, H. C. J. 1994. Parasitoids: behavioral and evolutionary ecology. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey. ix + 473pp.

Villa, J. and D. S. Townsend. 1983. Viable frog eggs eaten by phorid fly larvae. Journal of Herpetology. 17: 278-281.

Villa, J., R. W. McDiarmid, and J. M. Gallardo. 1982. Arthropod predators of leptodactylid frog foam nests. Brenesia 19-20: 577-599.

Blood-Feeding Diptera

information coming soon

Kleptoparasitism & Phoresy

Sivinski, J., S. Marshall, and E. Petersson. 1999. Kleptoparasitism and phoresy in the Diptera. Florida Entomologist. 82: 179-197.

Non-parasitic Associations with other Arthropods, esp. Social Insects

Brown, B. V. and D. H. Feener Jr. 1998. Parasitic phorid flies (Diptera: Phoridae) associated with army ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ecitoninae, Dorylinae) and their conservation biology. Biotropica. 30: 482-487.

Disney, R. H. L. and D. H. Kistner. 1989. Neotropical Phoridae from termite colonies, including two new species (Diptera; Isoptera: Termitidae). Sociobiology. 15: 79-84.

Kistner, D. H. 1982. The social insect's bestiary, pp. 1-244. In Hermann, H. R., Social insects. Academic Press. New York & London.

Rettenmeyer, C. W. and R. D. Akre. 1968. Ectosymbiosis between phorid flies and army ants. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 61: 1317-1326.

Salt, G. 1929. A contribution to the ethology of the Meliponinae. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London. 77: 431-470.

Swarming & other Mating Behavior

Cumming, J. M. 1994. Sexual selection and the evolution of dance fly mating systems (Diptera: Empididae: Empidinae). Canadian Entomologist. 126: 907-920.

Downes, J. A. 1969. The swarming and mating flight of Diptera. Annual Review of Entomology. 14: 271-298.

Eberhard, W. G. 2002. Natural history and behavior of Chymomyza mycopelates and C. exophthalma (Diptera: Drosophilidae), and allometry of structures used as signals, weapons, and spore collectors. Canadian Entomologist. 134: 667-687.

McAlpine, J. F. and D. D. Munroe. 1968. Swarming of lonchaeid flies and other insects, with descriptions of four new species of Lonchaeidae (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist. 100: 1154-1178.

Sivinski, J. 1988. Unusual female-aggregated mating systems in phorid flies. Journal of Insect Behavior. 1: 123-128.

Flower Feeding

Disney, R. H. L. and S. Sakai. 2001. Scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) whose larvae develop in flowers of Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) in Panama. European Journal of Entomology. 98: 367-373.

Hall, D. W. and B. V. Brown. 1993. Pollination of Aristolochia littoralis (Aristolochiales: Aristolochiaceae) by males of Megaselia spp. (Diptera: Phoridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 86: 609-613.

Hime, N. da C. and E. de L. Costa. 1985. On Megaselia aristolochiae n. sp. (Diptera, Phoridae) with larvae rearing on the flowers of Aristolochia labiata Willd. (Aristolochiaceae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia. 45: 621-625.

Koopowitz, H. 2001. Orchids and their conservation. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.

Larson, B. M. H., P. G. Kevan, and D. W. Inouye. 2001. Flies and flowers: taxonomic diversity of anthophiles and pollinators. Canadian Entomologist. 133: 439-465.

Soderstrom, T. R. and C. E. Calderón. 1971. Insect pollination in tropical rain forest grasses. Biotropica. 3: 1-16.

Wolda, H. and C. W. Sabrosky. 1986. Insect visitors to two forms of Aristolochia pilosa in Las Cumbres, Panama. Biotropica. 18: 295-299.

Young, A. M. 1984. Mechanism of pollination by Phoridae (Diptera) in some Herrania species (Sterculiaceae) in Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 86: 503-518.

Young, A. M., B. J. Erickson & E. H. Erickson Jr. 1989. Pollination biology of Theobroma and Herrania (Sterculiaceae). III. Steam-distilled floral oils of Theobroma species as attractants to flying insects in a Costa Rican cocoa plantation. Insect Science and its Application 10: 93-98.

Mimicry

information coming soon

Activity Patterns

Brown, B. V. and D. H. Feener Jr. 1995. Efficiency of two mass sampling methods for sampling phorid flies (Diptera: Phoridae) in a tropical biodiversity survey. Contributions in Science. 459: 1-10. PDF

Feener, D. H. Jr. and K. A. G. Moss. 1990. Defense against parasitoids by hitchhikers in leaf-cutting ants: a quantitative assessment. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 26: 17-29.

Elevation

Janzen, D. H. 1973. Sweep samples of tropical foliage insects: effects of seasons, vegetation types, elevation, time of day, and insularity. Ecology. 54: 687-708.

Janzen, D. H., M. Ataroff, M. Fariñas, S. Reyes, N. Rincon, A. Soler, P. Soriano, and M. Vera. 1975. Changes in the arthropod community along an elevational transect in the Venezuelan Andes. Biotropica. 8: 193-203.

Disturbance

Brown, B. V. in press. Malaise trap catches and the crisis in Neotropical dipterology. American Entomologist.

Conservation

Grove, S. J. and N. E. Stork. 1999. The conservation of saproxylic insects in tropical forests: a research agenda. Journal of Insect Conservation. 3: 67-74.